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Publications

2025:

  1. Aumayr, L., Avarikioti, Z., Linus, R., Maffei, M., Pelosi, A., Stefo, C., & Zamyatin, A. (2025). BitVM: Quasi-Turing Complete Computation on Bitcoin. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2024. Preprint
  2. Aumayr, L., Avarikioti, Z., Maffei, M., Scaffino, G., & Zindros, D. (2025). Blink: An Optimal Proof of Proof-of-Work. In The 29th Financial Cryptography and Data Security Conference (FC 2025). Preprint
  3. Banerjee, A., Sober, M., & Schulte, S. (2025). Towards Solidity Smart Contract Efficiency Optimization through Code Mining. In The 40th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium On Applied Computing (SAC 2025) (pp. 348-357). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper
  4. Ecker, R., Karagiannis, V., Sober, M., & Schulte, S. (2025). Latency-Aware Placement of Stream Processing Operators in Modern-Day Stream Processing Frameworks. In Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing (Vol. 199, Article 105041). Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Paper
  5. Falazi, G., Breitenbücher, U., Leymann, F., Schulte, S., & Yussupov, V. (2025). Transactional Cross-Chain Smart Contract Invocations. In Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice. ACM, New York, NY, USA. (Accepted in 2023, not yet published) Preprint Paper
  6. Gottschalk, F., Schulte, S., Hemadasa, N., Ebrahimi, E., Edinger, J., & Kaaser, D. (2025). Towards WebAssembly-based Federated Learning. In The 11th European Conference on Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing (ESOCC 2025) (pp. 40-54). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. Paper
  7. Linus, R., Aumayr, L., Zamyatin, A., Pelosi, A., Avarikioti, Z., & Maffei, M. (2025). BitVM2: Bridging Bitcoin to Second Layers. Coinacademy.fr Preprint
  8. Scaffino, G., Aumayr, L., Bastankhah, M., Avarikioti, Z., & Maffei M. (2025). Alba: The Dawn of Scalable Bridges for Blockchains. In The 32nd edition of the Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2025). Preprint
  9. Scaffino, G., Wüst, K., Maram, D., Sonnino, A., & Kokoris-Kogias, L. (2025). Sunfish: Reading Ledgers with Sparse Nodes. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2024/1680. Preprint
  10. Thomas, J., Saile, F., Fischer, M., Kaaser, D., & Schulte, S. (2025). Adaption via Selection: On Client Selection to Counter Concept Drift in Federated Learning. In The 11th European Conference on Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing (ESOCC 2025) (pp. 03-17). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. Paper

2024:

  1. Aumayr, L., Avarikioti, Z., Maffei, M., & Mazumdar, S. (2024). Securing Lightning Channels against Rational Miners. In The 31st ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2024) (pp. 393-407). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Preprint
  2. Aumayr, L., Ceylan, E., Kopyciok, Y., Maffei, M., Moreno-Sanchez, P., Salem, I., & Schmid, S. (2024). Optimizing Virtual Payment Channel Establishment in the Face of On-Path Adversaries. In 2024 IFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking 2024) (pp. 1–10). IEEE, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  3. Banerjee, A., Egge, C., & Schulte, S. (2024). Towards the Optimization of Gas Usage of Solidity Smart Contracts with Code Mining. In The 2024 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC 2024) (pp. 365-367). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  4. Blumauer-Hiessl, T., Fessl, A., Breitfuss, G., Schall, D., & Schulte, S. (2024). Federated Learning Solution Blueprints for Use Cases Surveyed in Austrian Industries. In The 26th International Conference on Business Informatics (CBI 2024) (pp. 80-89). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  5. Blumauer-Hiessl, T., Schulte, S., Lakani, S., Keusch, A., Pinter, E., Kaufmann, T., & Schall, D. (2024). Federated Learning Deployments of Industrial Applications on Cloud, Fog, and Edge Resources. In The 8th IEEE International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing (ICFEC 2024) (pp. 19-26). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  6. Delzer, O., Hobeck, R., Weber, I., Kaaser, D., Sober, M., & Schulte, S. (2024). Analysis of Strategies for Scalable Transaction Creation in Blockchains.Computing (Vol. 106, pp. 3573–3602). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. Paper
  7. Ebrahimi, E., Sober, M., Hoang, A. T., Ileri, C. U., Sanders, W., & Schulte, S. (2024). Blockchain-Based Federated Learning Utilizing Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Verifiable Training and Aggregation. In The 7th IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain 2024) (pp. 54–63). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, Best Paper Award. Paper
  8. Falazi, G., Breitenbücher, U., Leymann, F., & Schulte, S. (2024). Cross-Chain Smart Contract Invocations: A Systematic Multi-Vocal Literature Review. In ACM Computing Surveys (Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 1–38). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper
  9. Hoang, A. T., Ileri, C. U., Sanders, W., & Schulte, S. (2024). zkSSI: A Zero-Knowledge-Based Self-Sovereign Identity Framework. In The 7th IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain 2024) (pp. 276–285). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  10. Kaaser, D., & Lohmann, M. (2024). Dynamic Size Counting in the Population Protocol Model. In The 43rd ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC 2024) (pp. 50-60). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper
  11. Khuu, D., Sober, M., Kaaser, D., Fischer, M., & Schulte S. (2024). Data Poisoning Detection in Federated Learning. In The 39th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC’24) (pp. 1549-1558). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper
  12. Lobmaier, D., Konlechner, R., Schulte, S., & Weber, I. (2024). Assessing Routing Algorithms for Payment Channel Networks. In Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice (Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1–27). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper
  13. Saile, F., Thomas, J., Kaaser, D., & Schulte, S. (2024). Client-Side Adaptation to Concept Drift in Federated Learning. In The 2nd IEEE International Conference on Federated Learning Technologies and Applications (FLTA 2024) (pp. 71-78). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  14. Scherer, M., Blaabjerg, J. F., Sjösten, A., Solitro, M., & Maffei, M. (2024). Wappler: Sound Reachability Analysis for WebAssembly. In The 37th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF 2024) (pp. 377-392). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  15. Schulte, S., Berbner, R., Eckert, J., Hans, R., Holloway, M., Lampe, U., Miede, A., Niemann, M., Papageorgiou, A., Repp, N., & others. (2024). From WSQoSX to the Cloud: 10 Years of Research on Services Computing at KOM (Invited Paper). In From Multimedia Communications to the Future Internet: Essays Dedicated to Ralf Steinmetz on the Occasion of His Retirement (pp. 101–113). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin.
  16. Sober, M., Levonyak, M., & Schulte, S. (2024). Efficient Cross-Blockchain Token Transfers with Rollback Support. In The 6th IEEE International Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures (DAPPS 2024) (pp. 09-18). IEEE. Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  17. Sober, M., Scaffino, G., & Schulte, S. (2024). Cross-Blockchain Communication Using Oracles With an Off-Chain Aggregation Mechanism Based on zk-SNARKs. In Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice (Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1–24). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper
  18. Sochovsky, J., Karagiannis, V., Edinger, J., Kaaser, D., & Schulte, S. (2024). A Framework for Dynamic Dependency-based Service Placement in the Cloud-Edge Continuum. In The 44th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW 2024) (pp. 102-112). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper

2023:

  1. Aumayr, L., Moreno-Sanchez, P., Kate, A., & Maffei, M. (2023). Breaking and Fixing Virtual Channels: Domino Attack and Donner. In The 2023 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2023). The Internet Society. Paper
  2. Chatterjee, D., Banerjee, P., Mazumdar, S. (2023). Chrisimos: A useful Proof-of-Work for finding Minimal Dominating Set of a graph. In The 22nd IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom-2023). (pp. 1332-1339). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Preprint Paper
  3. Delzer, O., Weber, I., Hobeck, R., & Schulte, S. (2023). Horizontal Scaling of Transaction-Creating Machines for Blockchains. In The 10th European Conference On Service-Oriented And Cloud Computing (ESOCC 2023) (pp. 103-118). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. Best Paper Award. Paper
  4. Ebrahimi, E., Khamespanah, E., Sirjani, M., & Mohammadi, S. (2023). Model Checking of Hyperledger Fabric Smart
    Contracts. In The 28th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA). (pp. 1-8). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  5. Ecker, R., Karagiannis, V., Sober, M., Ebrahimi, E., & Schulte, S. (2023). Latency-aware Placement of Stream Processing Operators. In The 1st International Workshop on Scalable Compute Continuum (WSCC 2023) (pp. 30–41). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. Paper
  6. Hiessl T., Lakani S., Ungersboeck M., Kemnitz J., Schall D., Schulte S. (2023). Lifecycle Management of Federated Learning Artifacts in Industrial Applications. In The 7th IEEE International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing (ICFEC 2023) (pp. 7-15). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  7. Karagiannis, V., Kashyap, S., Zechner, N., Hödl, O., Hartner, G., Llorca, M., Jamasb, T., Grünberger, S., Kurz, M., Schaffer, C., Schulte, S. (2023). A Framework for Enabling Cloud Services to Leverage Energy Data. In The 11th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering. (pp. 43-50). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  8. Keusch A., Blumauer-Hiessl T., Joksch M., Sündermann A., Schall D., Schulte S. (2023). Edge Intelligence for Detecting Deviations in Batch-based Industrial Processes. In 21st IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN 2023) (pp. 01–08). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  9. Kobelt, M., Sober, M., & Schulte, S. (2023). A Benchmark for Different Implementations of Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems. In The 6th IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain 2023) (pp. 33–40). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  10. Mazumdar, S., Banerjee, P., Sinha, A., Ruj, S., & Roy, B. (2023). Strategic Analysis of Griefing Attack in Lightning Network. In IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management (Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 1790–1803). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  11. Rain, S., Avarikioti, G., Kovacs, L., Maffei, M. (2023). Towards a Game-Theoretic Security Analysis of Off-Chain Protocols. In The 36th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF 2023) (pp. 107-122). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Preprint Paper
  12. Scaffino, G., Aumayr, L., Avarikioti, Z., & Maffei, M. (2023). Glimpse: On-Demand PoW Light Client with Constant-Size Storage for DeFi. In The 32nd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 23) (pp. 733–750). USENIX Association. Preprint Paper
  13. Sheganaku, G., Schulte, S., Waibel, P., & Weber, I. (2023). Cost-efficient auto-scaling of container-based elastic processes. In Future Generation Computer Systems (Vol. 138, pp. 296–312). Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Preprint Paper
  14. Sober, M., Kobelt, M., Scaffino, G., Kaaser, D., Schulte, S. (2023). Distributed Key Generation with Smart Contracts using zk-SNARKs. In The 38th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC’23) (pp. 231-240). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Best Paper Award. Preprint Paper
  15. Sober, M., Scaffino, G., Schulte, S., & Kanhere, S. (2023). A Blockchain-Based IoT Data Marketplace (Invited Paper). In Cluster Computing (Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 3523–3545). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. Paper
  16. Sober, M., Scaffino, G., Sigwart, M., Frauenthaler, P., Levonyak, M., & Schulte, S. (2023). A Framework for Asynchronous Cross-Blockchain Smart Contract Calls. In 5th IEEE International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA 2023) (pp. 294–301). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  17. Sober, M., Sigwart, M., Frauenthaler, P., Spanring, C., Kobelt, M., & Schulte, S. (2023). Decentralized Cross-Blockchain Asset Transfers with Transfer Confirmation. In Cluster Computing (Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 2129–2146). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. Paper
  18. Tairi, E., Moreno-Sanchez, P., & Schneidewind K. (2023). LedgerLocks: A Security Framework for Blockchain Protocols Based on Adaptor Signatures. In The 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2023) (pp. 859-873). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper
  19. Zecchini M., Sober M., Schulte S., Vitaletti A. (2023). Building a Cross-Chain Identity: A Self-Sovereign Identity-based Framework. In 5th IEEE International Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures (DAPPS 2023) (pp. 149–156). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper

2022:

  1. Aumayr, L., Abbaszadeh, K., Maffei, M. (2022). Thora: Atomic And Privacy-Preserving Multi-Channel Updates. In The 29th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2022) (pp. 165-178). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Preprint Paper
  2. Aumayr, L., Thyagarajan, S. A., Malavolta, G., Monero-Sánchez, P., & Maffei, M. (2022). Sleepy Channels: Bitcoin-Compatible Bi-directional Payment Channels without Watchtowers. In The 29th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2022) (pp. 179-192). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Preprint Paper
  3. Blumauer-Hiessl, T., Lakani, S. R., Kemnitz, J., Schall, D., & Schulte, S. (2022). Cohort-Based Federated Learning Services for Industrial Collaboration on the Edge. In Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing (Vol. 167, pp. 64–76). Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Paper Preprint
  4. Glaeser, N., Maffei, M., Malavolta, G., Moreno-Sanchez, P., Tairi, E., Thyagarajan, S.A.K. (2022). Foundations of Coin Mixing Services. In The 29th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2022) (pp. 1259-1273). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Preprint Paper
  5. Heiss, J., Grünewald, E., Haimerl, N., Schulte, S., Tai, S. (2022). Advancing Blockchain-Based Federated Learning Through Verifiable Off-Chain Computations. In The 5th IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain 2022) (pp. 194–201). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Preprint Paper
  6. Hoenisch, P., Mazumdar, S., Moreno-Sanchez, P., Ruj, S. (2022). LightSwap: An Atomic Swap does not Require Timeouts at Both Blockchains. In The 6th International Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology (CBT 2022) (pp. 219-235). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. Preprint Paper
  7. Mazumdar, S. (2022). Towards faster settlement in HTLC-based Cross-Chain Atomic Swaps (Invited Paper). In The 4th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems, and Applications (TPS 2022) (pp. 295-304). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Preprint Paper

2021:

  1. Körbel, B., Sigwart, M., Frauenthaler, P., Sober, M., & Schulte, S. (2021). Blockchain-based Result Verification for Computation Offloading. In 19th International Conference on Service Oriented Computing (ICSOC 2021) (Vol. 13121, pp. 99–115). Springer, Heidelberg Berlin. Paper Preprint
  2. Nissl, M., Sallinger, E., Borkowski, M., & Schulte, S. (2021). Towards Cross-Blockchain Smart Contracts. In 3rd IEEE International Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures (DAPPS 2021) (pp. 85–94). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper Preprint
  3. Sigwart, M., Frauenthaler, P., Spanring, C., Sober, M., & Schulte, S. (2021). Decentralized Cross-Blockchain Asset Transfers. In 3rd IEEE International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA 2021) (pp. 34–41). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper Preprint
  4. Sober, M., Scaffino, G., Spanring, C., & Schulte, S. (2021). A Voting-Based Blockchain Interoperability Oracle. In The 4th IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain 2021) (pp. 160–169). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper Preprint

2020:

  1. Brandstätter, T., Schulte, S., Cito, J., & Borkowski, M. (2020). Characterizing Efficiency Optimizations in Solidity Smart Contracts. In The 3rd IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain 2020) (pp. 281–290). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, Best Paper Award. Paper Preprint
  2. Frauenthaler, P., Sigwart, M., Spanring, C., Sober, M., & Schulte, S. (2020). ETH Relay: A Cost-Efficient Relay for Ethereum-Based Blockchains. In The 3rd IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain 2020) (pp. 204–213). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper Preprint

Further Publications (Prior to the Start of CDL-BOT):

  1. Borkowski, M., Sigwart, M., Frauenthaler, P., Hukkinen, T., & Schulte, S. (2019). DeXTT: Deterministic Cross-Blockchain Token Transfers. In IEEE Access (Vol. 7, pp. 111030–111042). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper Preprint
  2. Frauenthaler, P., Borkowski, M., & Schulte, S. (2020). A Framework for Assessing and Selecting Blockchains at Runtime. In 2nd IEEE International Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures (DAPPS 2020) (pp. 106–113). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. Paper
  3. Krejci, S., & Schulte, S. (2020). Living at the Edge: Running IPFS and Ethereum Client Software on Single-board Computers. In KuVS-Fachgespräch Fog Computing 2020 (pp. 20–23). Universitätsbibliothek TU Wien, Vienna, Austria. Paper
  4. Krejci, S., Sigwart, M., & Schulte, S. (2020). Blockchain- and IPFS-based Data Distribution for the Internet of Things. In 8th European Conference on Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing (ESOCC 2020) (Vol. 12054, pp. 177–191). Springer, Heidelberg Berlin, Best Paper Award. Paper
  5. Sigwart, M., Borkowski, M., Peise, M., Schulte, S., & Tai, S. (2019). Blockchain-based Data Provenance for the Internet of Things. In 9th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IoT 2019) (pp. 1–8). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper
  6. Sigwart, M., Borkowski, M., Peise, M., Schulte, S., & Tai, S. (2020). A Secure and Extensible Blockchain-Based Data Provenance Framework for the Internet of Things. In Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (pp. 1–15). Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin. Paper

White Papers and Unrefereed Papers:

  1. Borkowski, M., Frauenthaler, P., Sigwart, M., Hukkinen, T., & Hladký, O. (2019). Cross-Blockchain Technologies: Review, State of the Art, and Outlook (Whitepaper). Technische Universität Wien. Paper
  2. Borkowski, M., McDonald, D., Ritzer, C., & Schulte, S. (2018). Towards Atomic Cross-Chain Token Transfers: State of the Art and Open Questions within TAST (Whitepaper). Technische Universität Wien. Paper
  3. Borkowski, M., Ritzer, C., & Schulte, S. (2018). Deterministic Witnesses for Claim-First Transactions (Whitepaper). Technische Universität Wien. Paper
  4. Borkowski, M., Ritzer, C., McDonald, D., & Schulte, S. (2018). Caught in Chains: Claim-First Transactions for Cross-Blockchain Asset Transfers (Whitepaper). Technische Universität Wien. Paper
  5. Frauenthaler, P., Borkowski, M., & Schulte, S. (2019). A Framework for Blockchain Interoperability and Runtime Selection (arXiv report No. 1905.07014). arXiv. Paper
  6. Frauenthaler, P., Sigwart, M., Borkowski, M., Hukkinen, T., & Schulte, S. (2019). Towards Efficient Cross-Blockchain Token Transfers (Whitepaper). Technische Universität Wien. Paper
  7. Frauenthaler, P., Sigwart, M., Spanring, C., & Schulte, S. (2020). Testimonium: A Cost-Efficient Blockchain Relay (arXiv report No. 2002.12837). arXiv. Paper
  8. Nissl, M., Sallinger, E., Schulte, S., & Borkowski, M. (2020). Towards Cross-Blockchain Smart Contracts (arXiv report No. 2010.07352). arXiv. Paper
  9. Schulte, S., Sigwart, M., Frauenthaler, P., & Borkowski, M. (2019). Towards Blockchain Interoperability. In BPM Blockchain and Central and Eastern Europe Forum (Vol. 361, pp. 3–10). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. Paper Preprint
  10. Sigwart, M., Borkowski, M., Peise, M., Schulte, S., & Tai, S. (2019). Blockchain-Based Data Provenance for the Internet of Things. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Internet of Things (pp. 1–8). ACM, New York, NY, USA. Paper
  11. Sigwart, M., Frauenthaler, P., Hukkinen, T., & Schulte, S. (2019). Towards Cross-Blockchain Transaction Verifications (Whitepaper). Technische Universität Wien. Paper
  12. Sigwart, M., Frauenthaler, P., Spanring, C., & Schulte, S. (2019). Preparing Simplified Payment Verifications for Cross-Blockchain Token Transfers (Whitepaper). Technische Universität Wien. Paper
  13. Sigwart, M., Frauenthaler, P., Spanring, C., & Schulte, S. (2020). Leveraging Blockchain Relays for Cross-Chain Token Transfers (Whitepaper). Technische Universität Wien. Paper
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